What condition can arise from high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin?

The condition that arises from high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin is diabetes. In diabetes, the body's ability to produce or respond to insulin is impaired, which leads to elevated levels of glucose in the bloodstream. Insulin is crucial for helping cells uptake glucose for energy, so without adequate insulin, glucose accumulates in the blood instead of being utilized.

This chronic state of hyperglycemia is a hallmark of diabetes, specifically type 1 diabetes, where the body does not produce insulin, and type 2 diabetes, where the body's cells become resistant to the effects of insulin. Both types can lead to serious long-term health issues if not managed properly.

The other options refer to different health issues: hypoglycemia is a condition of low blood glucose, hypertension is high blood pressure, and anemia involves a deficiency in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin. None of these conditions are directly related to the consequences of high blood glucose from insufficient insulin, highlighting why diabetes is the correct answer in this context.